Hot-water turbine.



S. A. REEVE.

HOT WATER TURBINE.

APPLICATION FILED SEPT.28.1911.

Patented Jan. 5, 1915.

8 SHEETS-SHEET Z rsrrsn sir SIDNEY A. REEVE, OE NEW '59..

EQT-WATEE TUBE-1E3 Application filed September 17 '0 aZZ whom it may concern Be it known that I, SIDNEY A. Esme, a citizen of the United States, and a reside-he of Tompkinsvilie, Qiaten Island, ccnnfiy of Richmond, city and State cf'New Ycrig have invented certain new and} useful Improvements in Hail Vase: Turbines, sci; forth in the fciiowing specification.

This invention relates to a method am e. comhiiieticn of means fer the genera'ticn a? mechanical power from heat and may be 01 srectcrized by its eiii' pioymen cf hes; engine of the e Objects of the in? n-ion are to icwer the peripheral speed in a turbine Which effect either's reduction in the diameter of the turbine 01' a reduction in its aiigi'zisr speed or both; the lightening and sirnyiifiration of parts in complete tm'bine-insisiiation for the generation of inechsnicsi power from heat; the increase in eiiiciency of a turbine installation; and a marked increase in range of speed and power unzier constant eihciency in a turbine instsiiaticni 1 E111} av: (re that cfi'ort has been made in the past to lower the peripherai speed of steam turbines by causing the active heat agent, steam, to pick up, (inr'hig its passage in the turbine, some thermally iner substance such as RZ-(IALIHQICHQV er even water.

This picking up of the ihermeliy inst-h suh 'tsnce was sccompiisheci in s manner simziur t0 the operation 01" an injector so that the super-velocity of the steam was reduced by the effected acceieraticn 0f the therinuliy inert fluid. Ali such efforts have fniieci of success because of the inherently low efficiency in the transfer of energy from ihe steam jet to the thermsiiy inert fluid.

My 1 iventionis quite different from these abortive attempts to reduce turbine speeds in that it relies largely upon cniy cne fluid as a heat carrying and Work performing agent, visa, hot Water. ,Vhiie it is inevitnhie, under the conditions of nractice am: this not Water should he mixed 'with some steam nevertheless the hot water itself is the chief active agent. The large proportion 01" reistii'eiy to steam just refers to the mess of 5731 36? reie'fiiveiy to she 7 kiss of steam in antithesis to volume.

more the sieam incidents! in the list were? is not niixei in the jea, injectsr fashion, the has Water with its initisi smaii percentage cf steam proceed together thrcughcus t n ther cf chem retarding or ether.

une expression SsGiLQ-iiiib wei i v i. 1 s

it! To imam wa ver which has bemseresure TV .L' T" 4- .I. snssmm .1; equal LO that 0? mesm sci the pri' are uzni to distinguish from ww :fcr causing the discharge r a homogeneous stream iescriceci es en enniisicn "ii is emuisicn carries? e0 the turbine casing therein in a 3st cf high shin.

Q1 \vnlCi'i 1S den ved from -lgf] cf rates-i911 is de manner 11SU;, with stenm-iur- 0211; per in i k unit w mes in sitemn. ncveriheiess vs-L ume of a current of he: Water spprcxinmtei v the same the voinme s, current of steam cm'ryirsame energy. There fore the (hm passage ways iisue no? he increases? i erce it hr 2 moderat- 7 chides, whiie either the speed of (hamster 0i the cria iv ecreeseci.

fiiriher chiecis and shame invention iii be mere a? reference is c the'iiiusrgy in the fir-m of the hes-i;

iii

- the following specification in connection through a plurality of the cavities 60 and 65- wit. the accom'pganfing drawings, which form a part of tlnsapplication', in which like. characters designate corresponding parts, and in which,

Figure 1 is a semi-diagrammatic side elevation andvertical section of my 1nvent10n, a part being shown 1n perspective; Fig. 2 1s a fractional "ertical cross-section, draw}; to

arpfghnlarged scale through line A-A of Fig. 1 through the near side of the shell; Fig. 3 is a fractional view showing a section modification in the apparatus.

1 and 4 (see particularly Fig. 1) are boilers, shown here as-of the vertical water-tube three drum A type, common in marine practice, but boiler 1 is adapted for internal pressures preferably higher than usual.

Boiler 1 consists of an upper drum 11,

shown in section, connected by two sets of oblique tubes with lower drums 10 only one of which is visible. It is heated by grate 3, fed by pipe 20 and discharges through pipes 34, 34 and 51. Upper drum 11 is shown di-' vided into chambers by one or more partitions 13, each having an opening 14 above the water-line. Lower drunr 10 is divided into chambers by similar partitions 12 but having no openings. Boiler 4 is heated by grate 5 located between the lower drums 6 which is-the same location for the grate 3 relatively to the lower drums 10. Boiler 4 is .fed by pipe 44 having valve 58 and discharges through pipe 43 having valve 59 and may or may not have partitions 12 and '13 7 like boiler 11. The boiler 1 is merely illustrative of means for supplying the hot fluid under pressure employed by my invention. Discharge pipes 34, each fitted with valves 35, are carried down within the shell of drum 11 until their-open lower ends are near its lower side. lVithin the shell 11 each pipe 34 is pierced laterally with either a narrow vertical slot or a number of small holes, as indicated, to form emulsifiers 70. Each pipe 34-opens into a header 36 throu h a goose-neck 37. I The internal diameter or each pipe 34 should not exceed the maximum within which a current of steam will lift solid water with certainty, hence the tlih-top drum of boiler 4 the pipe 43 also connects into header 36 through the valve 59. The pipe 56 opens out of the header 36 and leads to the regulator 53. This regulator 53 contains a flexible diaphragm 54 opposed by the. compression spring 55 and controls valve 52' between pipe 50 and pipe 51, leading steam from the b il'er to the feed pump 21. Boiler steam is ed to the regulator 53 by branch 412 from pipe 51.

The turbine 2 is shown as of the multiple pressurev stage type, having its inlet 71 at the lower side. A portion of the low pressure end is shown in section, revealing the drum 26 and the spaces for the several stages 27 27, etc. (See Fig. 1.) In the turbine casing, opposite each stage except the last, is a peripheral corridor 28 open to the containing oneor more separate, peripheral, co-extensive ducts shown in the form of curved pipes 61 (see Figs. 1,- 2, 3 and 4.) Each pipe 61 is bent in a semi-circle and extends within the corridor of the lower half casing 201 from one side to the other of the horizontal section usual inturbine casings and may have its ends expanded into heads 62, as shown in Figs. 2' and 4 or directly into the casings as shown in Fig. 3. The upper half 202 of the turbine casing also has its corridors 28 and the corridor inclosed pipes 63 similarly connected Suitably coveredhand holes 81 may be provided to give access to the corridors 28.

Between the two casing-sections 201 and 202 is a suitable gasket or plate 203 preferably of metal. This plate at the side of the turbine shown in Figs. 1 and 2 is solid; but

on the opposite side of the turbine (see Fig.

4) it is perforated opposite each stage. The

plate thus forms cavities 60 and 65,- which on the side shown in Figs. 1 and 2 are separated but which on the opposite side of the turbine as shown in Fig. 4 are joined. Each cavity 65 is joined with its neighbor stage after encircling it from the low pressure end toward the high pressure end of the turbine and thence to the boiler feed.

The turbine exhausts through pipe 40 into a condenser 41, shown here as of the. jet! type, receiving cold water through pipe A supplementary exhaust pipe/401 is also provided'and is shown dream by avit from casing 201 and not passing 1: ou'g the condenser 41. Both erihaust pipes lband 101 lead to the condenser pump 22 and are sh Wn joined. The condenser pump '22 discharges partly to waste th ough pipe 23 and portly to the suction of the feed pump 21 driven by boiler steam through pipe 50 previously described. Feed uinp 21 discharges through pipe into the labyrinth of ducts formed by pipes 61 and 63 Within the turbine the outlet of which 69 is connected with boiler feed pipe 20. The speed of the boiler feed pump 21 is controlled by the previously described regulater operating the valve The valve and pipe 72 cross-connect the, pipes 2C and 25, which respectively are fitted with valves 73 and 74c between the cross-connection 7:2 and the turbine 2. 4

A combination of means forming complete apparatus for turbine system embodying .he invention has heen'shown in Fig. 1. 'ln localities having: limited overhead space, as for example in marine practice, c modification of me means tor insuring a delivery from the boiler to the supply pipe of substantially homogeneous fluid emulsion of a large percentage hot Water and a small percentage ay be desired. In Fig. '7' the top rim or 11 of boiler 1 instead of being fitted With the vertical discharge pipes 34 is fitted with the suhstantinlly horizontal discharge main 11*2, leaving the drum 11 so that its opening substantially symmetrically 'spsnsthe mean- Water level. It afterward extends clownwsrdly and discharges as shown into the auxiliary drum 116, which be located close to the turbinethrottle at a level either below or shove the Water-level in the boiler. For msrine service, the location at a con' venient lower level eifects'o saving in ver ticel but the drurnllf would work ito'rily shove Water-level in the boiler vity is not depended upon for of hot water and steam through and 112, the respective sizes 2 not subject to limitation. In fact the emulsifier, such as 110, might be supplied with its hot Water and steam from any suitable source of supply, which would include the exhaust of h' h pressure tur- As pointed out in he general ohthe invention, the so: no of'suoplj; ne d not necessarily be u commercial boiler. The principal advantage of the separate emulsifier is its possibility being located pructicullr :it the throttle the turbine satisr in o h it supplies and its n of ne a port of a boiler construction.

the drum 11S and opposite the =Zl1$- opening of pipe 112 is suitably fed baffle plate 113. The interior of drum 110 also divided into chambers by :cition 11-3 sllbof lower portion of which is provided i..tl smell perforations, While a plurality of large perforations 114m localized along the lower part of this partition. V

The vertical pipes previously described in connection with Fig. 1 extend with their lower open ends into the proximity of lower wall of drum 110 and after extending out the diaphragm of regulator 53 is connected by pipe 56 with the header 36 and the other side of the diaphragm is connected by pipe 512 With the steam chamber in the interior at the top of auxiliary drum 110. Otherwise the parts illustrated in Fig. I may be the some as the similarly numbered parts shown in 1.

Operation: The general thermodynamic operation of the turbine-system of my invention is primarily according to the cycle which I have called The cycle oi he boiler explosion Heat Engines (Macmillan), page 91, but in this instance operates continuously and quietly instead of suddenly and explosively. This cycle, however, when the feed Water coils 61 are employed is thereby modified into similitude ith theregenerative cycles of Stirling, Siemens and Ericsson, and as shown in the diagram of Fig.6. To charge water with the enormous amount of energy which I propose would, in actual practice, he a most unstable process and in fact would entail great danger. The danger would be imagined by understanding that a boiler employed for heating water alone until it contuinerl the enormous amount of energy proposedend for delivering such water alone to on engine would be in such a state of un stable equilibrium that a boiler explosion should be expected as an inevitable occurin my Thermodynamics of rence. A boiler, which does not provide for the constant elimination of steam in coir. siderehlc volume, for all practical purposes, might as Well he a charge of dynamite with a lighted fuse.

speaking loosely, harnesses the boiler explosion; it provides astohle process by the My invention, how-even.

level within the drum.

35 steam-hot water.

minimum. The discharge pipes 34 projecting down into the boiler drum are filled partly with water and partly with steam, the proportion dependin upon the water Ilence the pressuredrop between drum 11 and header 36 will be a variable depending; upon the propor; tion of water to steam in the vertical pipes 3% It is this pressure-drop which actuates the diaphragm 54: of regulator753, a greater proportion of water in pipes 34 causing a movement of the diaphragm 54 to the left against spring 55, tending to close valve 52 and to slow down the feed pump 21. This 15 lowers the water level in drum 11 .to increase the proportion of steam in pipes 34, The proportion of steam in the hot water reaching the turbine, and, in consequence,

' the speed of the jet, is thuscontrollable by y the adjustment of spring 55.

The other usual accessories for boiler control are not shown but are contemplated.

Because the task of heating water is different from that of making steam, the

diaphragms 12 and 13 are provided in the boiler. In such a heater the bulk of the heat is absorbed in changing the temperav ture of the water, not its state. It is. therefore, important, for considerations of fuelefiiciency, that the heating surface exposed to the hottest fire be covered only with the hottest water, while that exposed to the partially cold gases, be covered with colder water, which is notallowed. to mix with the Therefore,-the feed pipe 20 enters drum 10 at the end farthest from the fire. Thence the' water passes up tubes 15, down tubes 16 and up tubes 17 making three vertical traverses, which number of 0 traverses is, of course, not limited to three,

but dependsupon the number of partitions provided in the boiler drums The emulsified water, containing its percentage of steam, is then delivered from the boiler through the upright pipes 40 into the header 36, then to the turbine through the pipe 38 in the form of a heavy homogeneous foam and without any tendency to water hammer. In the turbine this expanding hot water or foam acts upon the vanes ina manner similar to the action of steam but its action is varied markedly from that of steam by reason of its large specific mass, which makes possible a greatly reduced speed in the turbine, with a development of the same power. This is exemplified as follows: At a boiler pressure of say 250 lbs, the. mass of a given-volume of water is about 100 times as great as that of an equal volume of steam.

A mixture of one-half water to one-half steam by volume would therefore, have a mass 01 50+0.5=50.5 times that of an equal volume of steam, such as-is used in ordinary steam turbines, determining the size of their passages. The entropy of this mixture (or.

energy developed as motive power per degree of temperature-drop in the nozzle) would be one-half that of dry steam of equal volume. If now V be the velocity developed within a given volume of dry steam by given temperature-drop T and available energy E, the relation between thetwo is For an equal volume of myemulsion, having an energye= of E and-mass m=50.5 M, the velocity 1: would be the volume of those of the steam-turbine,

Or conwhile its speed would still be one-tenth as great. If, however, the emulsion be made one-fifth water by volume and four fifths steam, the mass of themixture would then be 20.8 times as great as that of dry steam,

while its energy per degree of temperature: drop would be four-fifths as great. From this it follows that the natural speed of the hot-water turbine would be .l/5.1:10 "5l as.

great as with steam, while for equal energy the volume of fluid passages now need be only five-fourths as great as with steam. Thus an adjustment of the proportions of the emulsion such as is easily controllable will give the designer or operator wide choice as to the natural speed at which the turbine is to operate.-

It is to be noted thatin the first instance water. by mass and that in the second instance it would be 96% water by mass.-

This justifies my language as to waterbeing virtually the only fluid used, although apparently there may be a large volume of 'steam in the einulsion.

The fluids are discharged from the turbine 2 to the pump 22. the liquid water through the discharge pipe 401'and steam and water through the discharge pipe 10. The jet. condenser 41 condenses the steam of the exhaust so that the entire liquid discharge from the turbine can be carried away by the pump 22. The feed pump 21 takes its supply from the discharge pipe 23 and in the system, shown in Fig. 1, forces the water through the pipe 25 through the pre-heater formed by the jacket-coils 61 and 63 in the casings surrounding the tur- 110 just computed the emulsion would be 99% bine so that the feed water is (theoretically) heated from condenser-temperature to that of the first stage by these jacket coils. Leavin the jacket-coils by pipe 20 the feed water is forced into the boiler 1 through pipe 20.

Should it be desired to run the turbine according to this invention withoutthe employment of the pro-heated jacl et-coils, it is merely necessary to open the normally closed valve 72 and close the valves 73 and T4. whereupon the feed-pump 21 feeds directly into the boiler 1.

The compression resistance. which may be regulated by adjustment, of the spring 55 of regulator 53 determines the proportion of water to steam in the emulsion delivered to the header 36 and thence to the turbine. Such regulation of the spring 55, therefore. controls the natural speed of the turbine 2 without appreciably altering its power.

Should it be desired, as is frequent in marine practice when changing from a cruising speed to emergency-speed, greatly to increase the power of the turbine .2, it is advisable to close the normally open valve 57, open the normally closed valve 58 and open the normally closed valve 59 so that the boiler 1 serves as a pro-heater and feeder for the boiler 4. In this arrangement the boiler 4 delivers dry steam through pipes 43 and 38 directly to the turbine. which is then driven as a high-speed steamturbine.

The operation of the modification shown in Fig. 7 is substantially that described for the apparatus of Fig. 1, except that the means for insuring homogeneous mixture of a large percentage of hot water with a small percentage of steam, comprising the emulsifiers and the upright tubes 34. is placed at a lower level than the top dram 11 and closer to the turbine. This is accomplished by the provision of the auxiliarv drum 110 at a lower level. Hot water and some steam is delivered to the top of the interior of auxiliary drum llO through pipe 111. The water level within auxiliary drum 110 determines the proportion between hot water and steam delivered to the header 36 and the water level within this auxiliary drum 110 is itself secondarily regulated through the medium of the regulator 53, the pressure pipes 50 and 512 for which are tapped out of .the header 30 and the steam spaced auxiliary drum 110. Thus the water level of boiler 11 is regulated and through it the water level in the auxiliary drum 110.

Fig. 5 illustrates an entrop-temperature diagram for the system when the jacketcoils around the turbine are not employed so that the feed pump 21 discharges directly into the feed pipe 20. Its cycle is ABCDA. The use of these jacket-coils around the turbine add to the ellicicncy of the apparatus, the lirst stage of the heating A to (i (see Fig. 6) being accomplished by these coils and only the heating from (i to B being performed in the. boiler.

'bcn the jm'ltetkcoils are employed the thermodynamic cycle of my system ls shown in Fig. (l as i\(lli(l.l For reaction turbines the thernualynamic cycle (theoretic) is shown in Fig. U by .-\llllil.\. ii the casing pressure is to be the same as in the impulse turbine or by ABKLA if the boiler pressure is to be. the same. In either case the reaction-turbine develops a larger percentage of its feed-water into steam in its boiler than does the impulse-turbine, for the same vane-speed.

(inc of the chiei advantages of my invention for marine propulsion is the elimination of the bulky, heavy and costly surfacecondenser. Since at no point in its circuit is there more than 25% oi the water eva 0- rated, the water will not )recipitate its impurities. which is the basis for this advantage. Furthermore it has been pointed out that, merely by handling a few valves and without even stopping the turbine the same plant can be shifted from its operation using dry steam to the use of hot water so as to decrease several times the natural speed, with eiliciency unimpaired. l urthcrmore it is practicable to build a hot water heater with small steam spaces and giving steam, no one -arcs how wet. for much higher pressures than are practicable with true steam boilers. liven with existing steam boilers and engines. whether reciprocating or turbine, it has been customary to use boilers lit for hi her pressures than the engines could rolitdbly employ. In my hot water turinc, however. very high pressures may be employed without the usual draw-backs. I say may be used and do not mean must be used, because many advantages accrue from the practice of my invention when low pressures are employed.

In fact the \\'ater-hcater for my system need not be technically a boiler. I coiitcmplate that the source of supply for the mixture of hot fluids (including a liquid) under pressure may be for instance the cool ing chamber 37. shown connected with and driving the turbine 93 in Figs. 5) and 10 of my Patent neon-m, dated June 2a. 1902), it the same is combined with means For insurin the delivery of homogeneous emulsion of a iigh percentage of water with a small percentage of steam, and preforal'ily with my jacket-coils combined with the turbine.

What is claimed and what is desired to be secured by United States Letters Iatout is 2- 1. In combination for the generation of power. a boiler for heating water to a high temperature under high pressure; a turbine;

lln

lfi

a tluid-supply-pipe for said turbine; and means connected with said boiler for delivering to said simply-pipe a substautialli homogeneous fluid-emu sion of a large percentage of hot water and a small percentage of steam.

2. In combination for the generation of power, means for supplying steam-hot water under pressure; a turbine a fluid-supplypipe for said turbine; and means connected with said means for supplying for making and delivering to said supply-pipe a substantially homogeneous fluid-eiiiulsion of a large percentage of hot water and a small percentage of steam.

8. In ap aratus for developing mechanical power irom heat; a turbine; means for delivering a mixture of a minor mass of steam and a major mass of hot water to said turbine; and means for controlling by volume the relative proportions of said minor mass of steam and said major mass of hot water.

4. In ap )aratus for developing mechanical power irom heat; a turbine; a boiler for delivering a mixture of a minor mass of steam and a major mass of hot water to said turbine; and means for controlling by volume the relative proportions of said minor mass of steam and said major mass of hot water, said means being governed by the water-level in said boiler.

5. In apparatus for developing mechanical power from heat, a turbine; means for supplying a mixture of a minor mass of steam and a major mass of hot water to said turbine; and an emulsifier comprising a druni for controlling by volume the relative proportions of said minor mass of steam and said major mass of hot water, said means being governed by the water-level in said drum.

(3. In a turbine heat-engine having several pressure-stages; a fluid-jacketed passage enveloping a plurality of said stages; and means progressively connecting said passages, so that feed water may be pro-heated by continuous passage therethrough.

7. In apparatus for developing mechanical power from heat, a turbine; a boiler for deliverin to said turbine a mixture of a minor mass 0? steam and a major mass of hot water; means overned by the water-level in said boiler for controllin by volume the relative proportions of said minor mass of steam and said major mass of hot water; a boiler-feed-pump; and means operable by a predetermined excess of hot water in said mixture for decreasing the feed of said boiler-feed-pump.

8. In combination, a boiler; means for delivering an emulsion of hot water and steam from said boiler; a feedump for said boiler; and means controlle by the density of said emulsion for varying the speed of said feed-pinup.

J. In combination, a boiler; means for deliveriiig a stcam-liot fluid including hot water from said boiler: a feed pump for said boiler: and means controlled by the density of said steaiii-liot fluid for varying the speed of said feed pump.

10. In apparatus for developing power from heat, a turbine; a boiler for delivering a mixture of hot water and steam; a second boiler for delivering relatively dry steam; and means for delivering selectively the discharge from said boilers to said turbine as motive fluid.

11. In apparatus for developing power from heat, a turbine; a boiler for delivering a fittilllllinl, fluid including hot water; a second boiler for delivering relatively dry steam; and means for delivering selectively the discharge from said boilers to said tur' bine as motive fluid.

12.1n apparatus for developing power from heat, a turbine; a boiler for delivering a mixture of hot water and steam; a second boiler for delivering relatively dry steam; means for delivering the discharge from said first boiler into said second boiler as feed therefor; and means for delivering the discharge r'rom said second boiler into said turbine.

13. In apparatus for developing power from heat, a turbine: a boiler for delivering a steaiii-hot fluid including hot water: a second boiler for delivering relatively dry steam; means for delivering the discharge from said first boiler into said second boiler as feed therefor; and means for delivering the discharge from said second boiler into said turbine.

H.111 apparatus for developing power from heat, a boiler; means for conveying the heat carrying fluid from said boiler; and means for altering said heat carrying fluid from virtuallv all water measured by mass to virtually all steam measured by miiss.

15. In apparatus for developing power from heat. a boiler: means for conveying the heat carrying fluid from said boiler; and means for altering said heat carrying fluid from virtually all water measured by mass to virtually all steam measured by mass, said means being controlled by the \vater level in said boiler.

lfi. In apparatus for developing power from heat. a boiler; an emulsifier comprising a drum: means for conveying the heat carrving fluid from said boiler: and means for iiltering said heat carrying fluid from virtuallv all water measured by mass to virtually all steam measured by mass, said means being controlled by the water-level in said drum.

17. In apparatus for developing power from heat, a turbine having a plurality of pressure stages; means for delivering to said turbine a heat carrier in the form of a mixture of hot water, and steam; a fluid-jacketed passage enveloping each said stage; and means progressively connecting said passages, so that feed-water mav be preheated by continuous passage therethroug 1.

18. In apparatus for developing power from heat, a turbine having a plurality of pressure-stages; means for delivering to said turbine a heat-carrier in the form of a steamhot fluid including hot water; a fluid-jacketed passage involving each said stage; and means progressively connecting said assages so that feed-water may be reheated by continuous passage therethrou li 19. In apparatus for developing power from heat, a boiler; a turbine having a plurality of pressure stages; inter-connected fluid-jacketed assages enveloping said stages; means for conveyin the workin fluid from said boiler to sai turbine; and means for controlling the speed and efficiencv of said turbine operative to convey the feed water for said boiler directly to the boiler or first through said passages enveloping said stages.

20. In apparatus for developing power from heat, a boiler; a turbine having a plurality of pressure stages; inter-connected fluid-jacketed passages enveloping said stages; means for conveyin a heat-carrier in the form of a mixture or hot water and steam from said boiler to said turbine; and means for controlling the speed and efficiency of said turbine operative to convey the feed water for said boiler directly to the boiler or first through said passages enveloping said stages.

21.111 apparatus for developing power from a mixture of steam and hot water, means for efl'ecting the mixture at a level below the water-level in the boiler.

ln apparatus for developing power from a mixture of steam and hot water, means for effecting the mixture at an level relatively to the water-level in the boiler.

'23. In apparatus for developing power from a mixture of steam and hot water, a boiler; means for efl'ecting an intimate mixture of hot water and steam below the water-level in said boiler; a pipe leading to said means from said boiler at a point below its water-level; and a second pipe leading to said means from said boiler at a point above said water-level.

2- In apparatus for developing power from a mixture. of steam and hot water a. boiler; means for efl'ccting an intimate mixture of hot water and steam at any level relatively to the water-level in said boiler; a pipe leading to said means from said boiler at a oint below its water-level; and a second pipe leading to said means from said boiler at a point above said waterlevel.

25. In apparatus for developing power from a mixture of steam and hot water, a boiler for supplying said steam and hot water; a vertically arranged emulsion pipe serviceable in efl'ecting an intimate mixture of the hot water and steam; at pressure actuated device for controlling the rate of feed-water supply to said boiler; and pipes for carrying the fluid-pressure at two vertically separated points within said emul sion-pipe to respective compartments of said pressure actuatcd device.

26. In apparatus for developing power from a mixture of steam and hot water, in combination; a boiler; means for mixing the steam and the hot water drawn from said boiler; a turbine employing the resultant mixture of steam and hot water as its motive fluid; and a jet condenser for receiving and condensing the exhaust from said turbine.

27. In apparatus for developing power from heat; means for devclopmg hot gaseous fluids under pressure; means for effecting an intimate mixture of' said hot gaseous fluids with water under substantially the same said pressure; and a turbine operative to expand said mixture to develop work from its heat.

28.111 apparatus for devcloiing power from heat; means for developing hot gaseous fluids under pressure; means for efl'ecting an intimate mixture of said hot gaseous fluids with water under substantially the same said pressure; a turbine having pressure-stages operative to expand said mixture to develop work from its heat; passages jacketed by a plurality of said stages; means for connecting said passages progressively relatively to said stages; and means for passing feed-water through said passages )rior to its employment in said mixture of gaseous fluids and water.

.29. In apparatus for developing power from heat; means for developing hot gaseous fluids under pressure; means for effecting an intimate mixture of said hot gaseous fluids with water under substantially the. same said )ressurc; and a turbine operative to expan said mixture to dcvelop work from its heat.

30. In apparatus for developing power from heat; means for developing hot gaseous fluids under pressure; means for efl'ecting, an intimate mixture of said hot gaseous fluids with water under substantially the same said pressure; a turbine having pressure-stages operative to expand said mixture to develop work from its heat; passages jacketed by a plurality of said stages; means for connecting said passages progressively relatively to said stages; and

means for passing feed-water through Sllltl by volume the relative masses of hot water passages prior to its employment m saul and steam: and a turlune llllYLll by SuKl mixture of gaseous fluids and water. mixture.

31. In apparatus for developing power In witness whereof. I have signed my 13 5 from heat, means for safely employing nnname to this specification, in the presence pure water as a power-medium from u of two subscribing witnesses.

source of heat, comprising a boiler: means QIDYFY REFVF for supplying said roller with impure \\'a- L L J J ter; means for \vitlulrawing from said boiler Witnesses:

l0 a mixture of a major mass of hot water and a SIDNEY Nnwnoao,

minor mass of steam; means for controlling L. ALTMAN.

00910! o! m )ltut In, be obtained (or he cent: each, by addressing the "Commissioner of Emerita,

wuhin ton, D. O." 

